Many-but not all-publishers will provide an article's DOI on the first page of the document. They are unique to their documents and consist of a long alphanumeric code. DOIs are an attempt to provide stable, long-lasting links for online articles. Please note: Because online materials can potentially change URLs, APA recommends providing a Digital Object Identifier (DOI), when it is available, as opposed to the URL.

Online Scholarly Journal Article: Citing DOIs Access the archived version by clicking 'View History,' then clicking the date/timestamp of the version you'd like to cite. Note also that the manual recommends linking to the archived version of the page, rather than the current version of the page on the site, since the latter can change over time. For this reason, the date refers to the date that the cited version of the page was published. Wikipedia articles often update frequently. If the page names an individual author, cite their name first: For a complete list of how to cite electronic sources, please refer to the 7 th edition of the APA Publication Manual. Please note: the following contains a list of the most commonly cited electronic sources. Including the retrieval date for these sources indicates to readers that the version of the work they retrieve may be different than what was originally used. Additionally, APA 7 th edition no longer requires the use of “Retrieved from” before URLs or DOIs special exceptions, however, are made for resources that are unarchived. If the month and date are not available, use the year of publication. When possible, include the year, month, and date in references. APA style dictates that brackets should directly surround their content without spaces (e.g., should look like this).

Important Note: Some electronic citations necessitate the use of brackets. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style can be found here. Note: This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in October 2019.

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